The Evolution of Genocide

Believing abortion is a stand-alone issue is like believing egg yolks appear by themselves without egg whites, shells, and male and female chickens. My greatest mistake as a pro-life person was in thinking Roe v. Wade arrived by itself. I didn't want to link abortion to other controversial subjects, which scared or confused me, detracting from the obvious atrocity of butchering a living, unborn child. Because of my narrow focus, I ignored the horrific world-view and the socio-political-financial machinery fueling abortion.

While reading the newspaper in May 1999, I noticed a headline about an evolution controversy occupying the Kansas State Board of Education. I flipped the page without reading the story. Like many pro-life people, I felt that the origin of the species was a matter of God's choice of methods - but not a pro-life concern. Busy in local pro-life matters, I believed evolution was an "education dispute," a controversy I could, gratefully, sit out. When a metro-area newspaper reporter sought my opinion on the proposed science standards, my cautious response was, having not read them, to remind the reporter that evolution in the wrong hands had supported the bloodiest regimes in history. The reporter urged me to read the science standards, assuring me there was "nothing to offend."

I did read them, and went on to research the history and content of the "national science education standards," a national model on which the Kansas science standards are based. I realized that evolution by natural selection has been the fundamental pro-life issue since Darwin himself. His argument that biologically inferior people threaten to deprive intellectually superior people of food and resources established a scientific-sounding rationale for genocide, which is used today by the abortion-based population control and family planning establishments, as well as others bent to this day on improving the race by laboratory methods.

I contacted the reporter, and gave her some disturbing preliminary research to pursue about the groups involved with the science standards, in the belief that she would do investigative research, whereas I would continue my humble attempt to prevent abortions through our agency's maternity home, and likewise help people recover from the anguish of abortion aftermath through our post-abortion counseling.

But the reporter rebuffed me. So, perceiving the newspaper's political commitments were set in concrete, I decided to document some basic information. The facts bear directly not only on my day-to-day efforts against the culture of death; they also concern public policy matters in science education, "family planning" and a host of issues about which the public has the right to know, and the duty to make right.

In 1871, Darwin argued that Thomas Robert Malthus' earlier theory of scarcity was the mechanism that drove human evolutionary "progress." In his book, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin wrote: [1]

The early progenitors of man must also have tended, like all other animals, to have increased beyond their means of subsistence; they must, therefore, occasionally have been exposed to a struggle for existence, and consequently to the law of natural selection. Beneficial variations of all kinds will thus, either occasionally or habitually, have been preserved and injurious ones eliminated. [2]

Conversely, Darwin argued that charitable acts by civilized men lead to evolutionary degeneration:

With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health. We civilized men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination; we build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed, and the sick; we institute poor-laws and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of every one to the last moment . . . Thus the weak members of civilized societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. It is surprising how soon a want of care, or care wrongly directed, leads to the degeneration of a domestic race; but excepting in the case of man himself, hardly any one is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed. [3]

On one hand, Darwin acknowledged, "Nor could we check our sympathy, even at the urging of hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature." [4] On the other hand, Darwin proceeded to classify people as "weak" and "inferior" versus "intellectually superior," in order to analyze why the "reckless, degraded, and often vicious members of society," tend to increase at a quicker rate than the "provident and generally virtuous members." [5] Darwin himself evidenced how evolution made bigotry an academic exercise, when he quoted another writer on the Irish:

The careless, squalid, unaspiring Irishman multiplies like rabbits: the frugal, foreseeing, self-respecting, ambitious Scot, stern in his morality, spiritual in his faith, sagacious and disciplined in his intelligence, passes his best years in struggle and in celibacy, marries late, and leaves few behind him.[6]

And when he applauded the extermination of "savage races" and "anthropomorphous apes:"

At some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilized races of man will certainly exterminate and replace the savage races throughout the world. At the same time the anthropomorphous apes . . . will no doubt be exterminated. The break between man and his nearest allies will then be wider, for it will intervene between man in a more civilized state, as we may hope, even than the Caucasian, and some ape as low as a baboon, instead of as now between the Negro or Australian and the gorilla. [7]

Normal parents would be horrified to know the foregoing racist premise of a Darwin-based "science education" (surely now actionable against states under anti-discrimination and civil rights statutes).

Except for my curiosity about the science standards, I would never have known that a strong case can be made against Darwin's natural selection. I doubt that the origin of the species evolved from non-living matter into living organisms through Darwin's gradual means of natural selection in a struggle for survival. Darwinism has been carefully refuted by a soft-spoken biochemist, the author of Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. [8]

Dr. Michael J. Behe's 1996 critique is so earth shattering that, rather than respond to the substance of his book, Darwinians pronounce that Behe's points are ipso facto "religion," the standard response to any evidence refuting evolution. In fact, however, Behe simply challenges evolutionary theory with the cold, unforgiving chemical facts, made visible using high-tech equipment.

In his book, Behe shows how, at the one-cell level, life is a self-contained system of indispensable moving, chemical parts, so mutually dependent on each other that absent even one part, the system would not exist. Behe named this observation "irreducible complexity." By physical necessity, all of the molecules of even a one-celled life must have burst forth together as an integrated operating system.

Many Darwinists are left sputtering to save their theory. If a single-cell could not have originated by the gradual assembly of chemical "parts" over time, then Darwinists are tongue-tied to prove the complex diversity of all life, cell by cell, over time. Behe quotes Darwin's own prediction that a discovery like irreducible complexity would cause the demise of his evolution theory: "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down." [9]

Darwin's Black Box will, for many readers, categorically seal the intellectual death of evolutionary biology. But the reading together of two independent works of historiography adds moral condemnation.

The first work, by Katharine O'Keefe, is a brilliantly simple, but momentous, alphabetical compilation, [10] with curricula vitae, of the members of the British and American eugenics societies, groups dedicated to genetic hygiene based on evolutionary biology. O'Keefe's work reveals that, throughout the twentieth century, eugenic philosophers held vast institutional influence over public policy, education, economics, science, medicine and law. [11] Significant too, she documents the groups' explicit strategy, after Nazism had exposed the deadly consequences of "applied biology," to conduct eugenic activities by using the names of other organizations. [12]

The second work, Unifying Biology: Evolutionary Biology and the Evolutionary Synthesis, [13] by Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis, identifies Darwinians who worked feverishly in the 1940's, allegedly to prevent the theory of natural selection from being extinguished by the fast-developing hard sciences of physics and chemistry, [14] but does not mention contemporaneous decisions to pursue eugenics under other names.

The leaders of the effort to "unify" biology and other sciences around natural selection were in fact, as revealed by O'Keefe's research, some of the century's leading eugenicists. According to Smocovitis, the key man who founded the unification, or "synthesis," effort was Sir Julian Huxley, whose life "was devoted to leading a crusade . . . to ground a humanistic philosophy in evolution." [15] Julian Huxley was a central figure in the twentieth-century history of eugenics. He was a leader of the British Eugenics Society, the first president of UNESCO, a charter member of the Society for the Study of Evolution [SSE], [16] discussed later, and the SSE's vice-president in 1948. [17]

Huxley wrote, "Evolution - or to spell it out, the idea of evolutionary process - is the most powerful and the most comprehensive idea that has ever arisen on earth. Above all, it unifies our knowledge and our thought . . . Thus the evolutionary idea must provide the main unifying approach for a humanist educational system, and evolutionary biology could and should become a central or key subject in its curriculum." [18] Huxley had been alarmed about a decline in evolutionary studies, "in part because it undermined his evolutionary humanism and his progressive worldview."[19]

To eugenicists, "progressive" means "evolutionary progress." Huxley's "unification" effort was "to help extend and legitimate both evolution and biology." [20] To Huxley, that meant even replacing religion:

I believe that an equally drastic reorganization of our pattern of religious thought is now becoming necessary - from a God-centered to an evolution-centered pattern. [21]

Today the God hypothesis has ceased to be scientifically tenable, has lost its explanatory value and is becoming an intellectual and moral burden on our thought. It no longer convinces or comforts, and its abandonment often brings a deep sense of relief . . . once our relief at jettisoning an outdated piece of ideological furniture is over, we must construct something to take its place. [22]

Huxley's 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, [23] emphasizing evolutionary progress, "offered an inquiry . . . into an ethical system, an ethos, grounded in evolution . . . with its fundamental principle of natural selection." [24] Referring to evolutionary humanism, Smocovitis observed that it bore "special signification for religious systems of thought . . ." and "represented an end to conventional Judeo-Christian thought . . ." [25]

Besides Charles Darwin, his cousin Sir Francis Galton, Darwin's son Major Leonard Darwin, [26] and grandson, Sir Charles Galton Darwin [27] all carried the family's dynastic ideology long into the twentieth century - the idea that Malthusian scarcity in nature randomly determines genetic supremacy. Darwin's followers continued the general argument that superior traits are naturally selected when another gene dies in a life and death competition over "inadequate resources." [28]

On how natural selection applied to humans, evolutionists seemingly ignored evidence of man's survival as being due to his purposeful, intelligent efforts to design habitats and develop resources favorable to human survival. Instead, as in the Descent of Man, eminent Darwinians continued to insist that human intelligence interferes with man's evolutionary progress. [29] Some evolutionists like Margaret Sanger denounced religious tenets of equality, compassion and charity, contending they cause genetic deterioration in the human race, [30] leading eventually to man's extinction: i.e., people vaguely deemed "unfit" and "unwanted" should die off instead of being helped to survive and possibly reproduce their kind.

It wasn't Darwin, but rather his cousin, Sir Francis Galton, who invented the name and the "science" of eugenics, [31] endowing an academic chair for it in London in 1904. [32] University recognition bestowed prestige upon eugenics, attracting the world's most highly educated and wealthiest bigots who were eager both to study eugenics and to support it financially. By 1922, scientists and blue-bloods had organized politely-named Eugenic Societies around the world. The global leadership was located in the United States, Germany and Great Britain. [33]

The 1925 Scopes Trial in Tennessee supposedly commemorates the triumph of Darwin over religion. Perhaps it was chance that the case arose in the Deep South, where bigotry had been particularly institutional. In fact, the trial commemorated the legality of teaching the biological inferiority of certain races and classes of people. [34] The textbook on trial in that famous case, Hunter's A Civic Biology, [35] espoused white supremacy and the "science" of eugenics, thus bolstering through education the sterilization campaigns going on at that time by the "scientific" communities in the United States. The 1930's campaigns in Germany, fashioned after American laws, are credited as the psycho-social beginning of the Holocaust. [36]

Historical scholars in the 1990's published the connections between the American Eugenics Society, current family planning and population control systems and - the Third Reich. Members of the American Eugenics Society received thankful correspondence from Adolf Hitler, accepted honors from Nazi universities, applauded the Nazi regime, served as legislative inspiration for sterilization and anti-immigration laws, and rehabilitated German scientist Dr. Otmar Von Verscheur, collaborator with Josef Mengele, the Terror of Auschwitz. Researchers meticulously documented how, after World War II, members of the eugenics societies reinvented themselves to the public, under disciplines like family planning, demography, population studies, and others. Household names who advocated a government birth-control system, like Margaret Sanger, Alan Guttmacher, even two Rockefellers, were all members of the American Eugenics Society. [37]

Not only does the toxic spill of eugenics poison federal family planning and population control systems, even federally funded genetic research, but now a Huxleyan eugenic vision forms the theoretical model of the National Science Education Standards. [38] Both the national and a modified Kansas version approach science as "unified concepts" - unified by natural selection, while emphasizing scarcity, heredity and population genetics. [39]

The outline of the NSES' "unified concepts," teaches a point-of-view, a philosophy of science developed by groups, some of which have long histories of leadership by and affiliation with members of the American Eugenics Society. In fact, the standards expressly state that they de-emphasize facts, and instead stress abstract concepts. [40] The philosophy contained in the standards, even as modified by the state of Kansas, is incompatible with Christian beliefs - according to the admissions made, before there was a controversy, by the men who developed the standards.

Moreover, the science standards are corrupt ab initio; deleting a word or a phrase cannot salvage them. If the standards were likened to an unsafe building, then it would have to be completely rebuilt with a new foundation, stronger beams and new walls - not just more windows, ventilation and fire escapes. The boundary, the framework, the outline of the science standards which purports to define what constitutes scientific thought is fundamentally contemptible because it is

• constructed around eugenics, a world-view which is inherently racist, anti-religious and anti-democratic
• advocated by groups with long histories of leadership by and cooperation with eugenicists.

While the controversy in Kansas surrounded the book entitled National Science Education Standards (NSES), this book was actually compiled by the cooperation of two powerful, out-of-state private groups, aided by the federal government and wealthy, private foundations.

The key groups drafting the science standards include: [41]

The American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington, D.C. (AAAS), which operates with annual revenues of $44 million. The AAAS initiative relating directly to the publication of the NSES book is known as Project 2061: Science Literacy for a Changing Future. [42]

The National Research Council in Washington D.C. (NRC), which operates with annual revenue of $180 million. [43] The NRC is a subsidiary of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), a private, non-profit organization chartered by Congress to advise the government on scientific matters.

Funding for the National Research Council's work on the NSES project was from private, non-profit foundations and public tax dollars from federal agencies including the National Science Foundation; the U.S. Department of Education; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and the National Institutes of Health. [44]

Funding for the AAAS' Project 2061 was by foundations including Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Hewlett-Packard Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the National Science Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. [45]

Clued by the phraseology of the science standards that they were attempting to define an "approved scientific thought," I investigated a curious catch-phrase peppering the content of the science standards, "science is a way of knowing." The phrase turned up in the "for further reading" section of the national standards as the title of a book by John A. Moore.

Moore is a California biologist who is officially acknowledged for his contributions to the NSES. [46] In his book, Science as a Way of Knowing: the Foundations of Modern Biology, [47] he expresses personal admiration for the work of German biologist, Ernst Haeckel, whose work he analyzes in some detail. [48]

Moore fails to mention, however, a critical piece of information about Haeckel, who was "a towering figure in German biology and an early Darwinian." [49] Haeckel was also "a racist, a believer in a mystical Volk, and a strong advocate of eugenics" [50] who "can be claimed as a direct ancestor" of the Nazi "euthanasia" project." Haeckel believed "wooly-haired Negroes" were not only incapable of higher mental development, but that they were "psychologically nearer to the mammals (apes and dogs) than to civilized Europeans . . . [and therefore] we must . . . assign a totally different value to their lives." [51]

Despite such a glaring historical lapse in a Harvard-published book purporting to be a history of biology, Science as a Way of Knowing is incorporated by reference into the NSES, at least twice for further reading, and the phrase is used and highlighted in the NSES text. [52]

I was alarmed that the NSES relied heavily on Moore's book as a reference and even incorporated its title throughout the text. But it concerned me more that, on its dust jacket, his 1993 [53] book bears official endorsements by, among others, the highest-ranking men in the groups overseeing the national standards and two other men with decidedly bio-philosophical points of view:

• the President of the National Academy of Sciences, Bruce Alberts
• F. James Rutherford, head of the AAAS Project 2061 education initiative
• an elderly Harvard evolutionist, Ernst Mayr, who was a central figure in founding a post-war group to promote the idea of a "unity of the sciences," called the Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE) and its journal, Evolution
• Paul Ehrlich, original population control advocate/author

Out of seven endorsers listed on Moore's book cover, four are contributors to the NSES. [54] Moore and at least four endorsers appear to have been colleagues in Huxley and Mayr's Society for the Study of Evolution, a group for which Moore is himself a past-president. [55]

According to documentation in Smocovitis' Unifying Biology, it was Huxley and his contemporary, Ernst Mayr who formed the Society for the Study of Evolution as part of their move to "synthesize" or "unify" (some might say contaminate) all concepts of science with Darwin's doctrine of natural selection. Appearing to cap long-time career goals, Mayr is the lead endorser of Moore's book, while a Mayr essay appears in materials published by a textbook group, the Biological Science Curriculum Studies, whose president chaired the content committee of the national standards.

In fact, the NSES book and the Kansas Science Standards, as modified, do seem to promulgate the SSE's "unified concepts," as Mayr, Huxley and fellow SSE founders and members may have envisioned.

A quick review of three early members of the SSE reveals fatal flaws in placing reliance upon these men's vision of science. One charter member of the SSE was the infamous Alfred C. Kinsey, [56] "sex-researcher," now exposed for committing wholesale fraud in publishing his conclusions in 1948 and 1953, and for soliciting pedophiles to share with the Kinsey Institute their "research" on their child-victims. [57] Moreover, Kinsey was a self-avowed eugenicist.

Hermann J. Muller, a member of the American Eugenics Society, was a 1946 "Council Member" of the SSE, who became the SSE's vice-president in 1952 and president in 1957. [58] After Muller had worked in Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia on "genetics," [59] he was a Kinsey colleague at the Kinsey Institute.

For many people, simply knowing that the fathers of the theory of "unified concepts" are eugenicists is enough reason to reject the science standards. In 1931, Huxley put his eugenic vision this way:

Man has become what he is by a process of evolution which has taken perhaps a thousand million years; there is no reason why that evolution should not continue . . . If the past with its crude methods has taken life from single cell, or whatever simpler units it at first inhabited, to man, what may not man do in the future with the aid of conscious reason and deliberate planning. On its negative side it becomes racial preventative medicine; on its positive side, racial hope . . . And once this is so, the pressure of public opinion to get something done will become so great that something will be done . . . We cannot yet see what those discoveries will be, or envisage the organization of a eugenic society. But knowledge will slowly grow, and ways and means can surely be found. And so man may take up his birthright, which is to become the first organism exercising conscious control over its own evolutionary destiny [60] [emphasis added].

Even though Hitler had been defeated, Huxley was more blunt in 1947 about the politics of his vision:

[E]ven though it is quite true that any radical eugenic policy will be for many years politically and psychologically impossible, it will be important for UNESCO to see that the eugenic problem is examined with the greatest care, and that the public mind is informed of the issues at stake so that much that now is unthinkable may at least become thinkable[61] [emphasis added].

Moore's failure to identify the relationship between the "foundations of modern biology" and the Holocaust is evidence of why education, when it is "standardized" or monopolized by any single publisher or government, can quickly be made a tool of despots. Historians' assessment of Ernst Haeckel is available in bookstores in a still-published book, Nazi Doctors, by Robert J. Lifton (Basic Books 1986). Moore, purporting to write Science as a Way of Knowing about the historical foundations of modern biology, could not have avoided seeing racism in Haeckel's The History of Creation. Moore's book actually duplicates an illustration from Haeckel's book, [62] a book in which Haeckel stated:

The Caucasian, or Mediterranean man . . . has from time immemorial been placed at the head of all races of men, as the most highly developed and perfect . . . If we are to draw a sharp boundary between them, it must be drawn between the most highly developed and civilized man on the one hand, and the rudest savages on the other, and the latter have to be classed with the animals.[63]

Science as a Way of Knowing not only fails to identify Haeckel's significance to the rise of Nazi eugenics, but Moore fails in the same way in writing about Sir Francis Galton. Moore does discuss Galton, [64] but fails to mention that Galton is the father of the eugenics movement. In England, as a matter of fact, the eugenics group is now called the Galton Institute.

It strains credulity to believe that Moore does not know Galton's and Haeckel's primary significance in the history of biology. Moore's omissions of material information should be viewed as fatal, whether it was done negligently, or intentionally. However, as will be explained, these are not the only "scientists" whom Moore references in his book, without disclosing their identities as eugenicists.

Moore's book, moreover, exudes anti-Catholic and anti-Protestant Fundamentalist bigotry. Moore, a biologist, spends nearly half of his book in poor explanation of different philosophies, with an entire chapter titled "The Judeo Christian World-View." In contrast to his admiration for Haeckel, and his nonchalant reference to Galton, Moore expresses stereotypes and disdain for Christians and the history of the Catholic Church. Throughout Science as a Way of Knowing, Moore regards his scientific worldview as distinct from, and incompatible with, his distorted definition of a "Judeo-Christian worldview."

For example, he says: "The Judeo-Christian worldview had been accepted as adequate for centuries - and remains so for many individuals today - but it leads to a very different view of nature than the one provided by modern science." [65] Rather than reconciling science and religion, Moore repeatedly goes out of his way to polarize them, saying for example, the discovery of fossils was to "involve science and the Judeo-Christian worldview in yet another confrontation - one that lingers to this day." [66]

In his book, Moore calls biology a "conceptual science." [67] He states, "True belief requires the acceptance of some things and not the other." [68] Moore claims "the statements of science are derived ultimately from the data of observation and experimentation." [69] In contrast, he claims religious dogma "is interpreted by a caste of priests and is accepted by the multitudes on faith or under duress [emphasis added]." [70]

Moore misrepresents the foundations of Christianity by singling out St. Augustine, whom Moore ridicules in the course of five pages. [71] He also ridicules scripture and reports of miracles. [72]

He says, "One might seek to blame the Judeo-Christian dogma of special creation for inhibiting thought about descent with change, and to some extent this blame is valid." [73] Moore asserts: "It is true that the attitudes of the Church prevented the development of science for more than a thousand years and inhibited it for centuries . . . the Church never was a supporter of open minds." [74]

What kind of men does Moore view as open-minded? "Open mindedness" has a different meaning to Moore than to most people. Against his backdrop of religious bigotry, he elevates two men as being "eminent biologists," Hermann J. Muller and Theodosius Dobzhansky. [75] He does not disclose that both Muller and Dobzhansky were avid eugenicists.

Hermann J. Muller trained under Hitler's high-ranking Nazi scientist, Dr. Ernst Rudin, author of the 1933 Nazi sterilization laws. ". . . I acquainted myself with the genetic work of the Zoological Institute, and of the Institut fur Psychiatrie, under Dr. Rudin, whose very comprehensive material offers a nice field for the study of mutations in man, and of their inheritance." [76]

Rudin was director of the Research Institute for Psychiatry of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in Munich. [77] In 1939, Hitler honored Rudin with a medal and a written statement celebrating him as the "meritorious pioneer of the racial-hygiene measures of the Third Reich." Honored again in 1944, Rudin received a "bronze medal bearing the Nazi eagle from Adolph Hitler, who lauded him as the 'pathfinder in the field of hereditary hygiene.'" [78]

Serving as an advisor to the American Eugenics Society at least as late as 1938, Dr. Ernst Rudin, a psychiatrist, was chief architect for the "Law for the Prevention of Heredity Disease in Posterity," which had taken effect in 1934. [79] According to one historian, Rudin demonstrates "in an extreme form, the attraction of the Nazi biomedical vision for a certain kind of biologically and genetically oriented scientist." [80]

The AAAS published an article by Muller in 1961, "Human Evolution by Voluntary Choice of Germ Plasm." [81] Writing then as a zoology professor with the Kinsey Institute in Indiana, Muller criticized a few colleagues in the American Eugenics Society as well as Germany's Eugen Fischer, because they "brought such odium upon the whole concept of eugenics as to run it into the ground." [82]

It is noticeable, however, that Muller's 1961 article does not renounce eugenics at all. Even though he criticized "racists and Hitlerites," he also criticized scientists who viewed all eugenics as dangerous and who "held that genetics in man could be left to care of itself" [83] [emphasis added].

Like Alfred Kinsey, Muller called for an end to sexual boundaries:

". . . adequate implementation of eugenic policies also required a clearing away of the ancient heritage of superstition and taboos that had so obstinately enshackled human usages and preconceptions in matters of sex and reproduction[84] [emphasis added].

E. G. Conklin is another eugenicist esteemed in Moore's Science as a Way of Knowing for his "careful and capable" work. [85] Conklin was a pre-war Advisory Board member of the American Eugenics Society. [86] Recently the website for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, another group drafting the NSES, applauded Conklin who, as AAAS president in 1936, founded an international committee on "intellectual freedom." [87]

Conklin's position on the advisory board of the American Eugenics Society is a point omitted by the AAAS website as well as by Moore's book. In a possible chilling irony, Conklin's "intellectual freedom" may have been intended for the "science" of eugenics. Listed in the eugenic society's March-April 1936 journal, alongside Conklin's name, are other Advisory Board members: rabid racists and anti-Semites, like Americans C. G. Campbell and Madison Grant, and three German advisors who were among the highest-ranking Nazi scientists in the Hitler regime: Eugen Fischer, Ernst Rudin, and Falk Ruttke. [88]

In 1935, C. G. Campbell had publicly applauded Hitler in Berlin, at an International Congress for Population Science. His statements amounted to a public-relations favor for the Nazis, favorably reported by the New York Times[89] and Time[90] magazine. The Berlin Congress was "the apex of international support of Nazi race policies and represented a great success for the Nazi race propaganda machine." [91] Campbell served as the "senior representative of the American eugenics movement in Berlin," delivering a glowing assessment of Hitler's efforts:

It is from a synthesis of the work of all such men that the leader of the German nation, Adolf Hitler, ably supported by the Minister of Interior, Dr. Frick, and guided by the nation's anthropologists,its eugenicists, and its social philosophers, has been able to construct a comprehensive race policy of population development and improvement that promises to be epochal in racial history. It sets the pattern which other nations and other racial groups must follow, if they do not wish to fall behind in their racial quality, in their racial accomplishment, and in their prospect of survival [emphasis added]. [92]

When I read Campbell's words praising German population development and improvement, as a ". . . synthesis of the work . . . by . . . anthropologists . . . eugenicists and social philosophers. . . ," I shuddered. In my dictionary, the words "unify" and "synthesize" are synonymous. Both Huxley and Campbell, staunchly committed to eugenics, used the same description of an evolution-based synthesis; Campbell's 1935 language in Berlin about "synthesis" was echoed by Huxley in 1942, and appears to be the same evolution-based worldview, merely renamed in the NSES, as "unified concepts."

In the preface to his Science as a Way of Knowing, Moore disclosed that the book's name and the material for it came from a lecture series of the same name. The project resulted in a series of essays published in a zoology journal between 1984 and 1990. According to one participant in the "science as a way of knowing" project, "John Moore is the originator and guiding effort behind the entire (SAAWOK) effort." [93]

Also in the preface to Science As a Way of Knowing, Moore says the earlier project was stimulated by "the widespread feeling that human beings have become so numerous and are consuming resources so avidly that the earth cannot long continue to support our way of life." [94] The SAAWOK project "sought to help remedy these problems by providing materials to assist in understanding." [95]

As a practical matter, the materials do "assist in understanding" what "remedies" Moore and his endorsers envision. For example, Moore recommended in the SAAWOK project that children be schooled in the work of Garrett Hardin. [96]

Garrett Hardin was yet another member of the American Eugenics Society. In 1981, Newsweek magazine devoted an entire page to Hardin's essay entitled "Toughlove Solution." Hardin wrote: "The responsibility of each poor country is to keep the excess population from being produced."

Then, possibly referring to instrument-rapes of women to forcefully abort their children, he said: "China's methods may not be acceptable everywhere, but the goal should be universal. Each country must choose the means that meshes with its culture." [97]

On another occasion, Hardin was even more ominous:

Coercion is a dirty word to liberals now. As with other four letter words, its dirtiness can be cleansed away by exposure to the light, by saying it over and over without apology or embarrassment. [98]

Moore is on record stating that the schools are a vehicle for teaching his world-view. Moore believes ". . . we have to change the ways we live and breed. . . .These matters . . . must direct the teaching of science." [99] In carrying his world-view into politics, Moore stated: "Examples of scientific concepts are directly transferable to public policy and should be taught to students at the elementary, high school and college levels" [100] [emphasis added].

In 1958, Moore joined with H. Bentley Glass, a Director of the American Eugenics Society, [101] and others in founding a group which today claims to have unilaterally re-introduced evolution into classrooms after World War II, the Biological Sciences Curriculum Studies (BSCS), [102] discussed below.

Glass, besides being Moore's colleague at the BSCS, became president of the AAAS in 1970. He believed there should be an end to the right to marry and have a family, writing in 1970: "The once sacred rights of man must alter in many ways . . . It can no longer be affirmed that the right of the man and woman to reproduce as they see fit is inviolate." Parents, he said, "must voluntarily limit their children or be compelled to do so" [103] [emphasis added]. Glass also argued, "no parents will in that future time have a right to burden society with a malformed or a mentally incompetent child." [104] In the same article, Glass envisioned compulsory eugenic selection through hereditary counseling clinics:

Unlimited access to state-regulated abortion will combine with now perfected techniques of determining chromosome abnormalities in the development of the fetus to rid us of . . . uncontrollable defects such as mongolism (Down's syndrome) and sex deviants such as the XYY type. Genetic clinics will be constructed in which before long, as many as 100 different recessive hereditary defects can be detected in carriers, who may be warned against, or prohibited from having offspring.

. . . [I]f every couple were permitted to have only two children . . . a mild eugenic practice would be introduced that is [sic] probably all mankind is prepared to accept at this time [emphasis added]. [105]

Glass summed up the social practice of eugenics:

As long as our brave new world presents an abundance of choices and as long as we have freedom to choose, so long will human intelligence based on genetic diversity remain a primary requirement . . . As he acquires more fully the power to control his own genotype and to direct the course of his own evolution, he must produce a Man who can transcend his present nature. [106]

The BSCS, founded by Moore, Glass, and others, was part of the effort to establish an evolution-centered "synthesis" of the sciences in the United States. [107] Moreover, the BSCS is a key player in writing the national science standards, its current Executive Director, Rodger Bybee, having chaired the Content Committee for drafting the national standards. [108] Bybee is acknowledged in the NSES Appendix with two other BSCS staff members, and he is quoted as a spokesman for the BSCS in a Kansas City Star article dated September 25, 1999.

The BSCS developed textbooks, teaching and curriculum guides that expressed the "unified concepts" long before "unified concepts" became mandatory by states adopting the NSES. According to Smocovitis, the BSCS drew on a number of biologists, but especially on . . . some of the unifiers: G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. and G. G. Simpson, as well as Hermann J. Muller. Three colorful textbooks launched in 1960-61 (the "Green," the "Blue," and the "Yellow") were to discipline an entire generation of emerging new professional biologists to the belief in biology as unified science [emphasis added]. [109]

The outline of one BSCS textbook, the "Blue Version, 7th edition" closely compares to the outline of the "unified concepts" of the national science standards (and therefore the Kansas Science Standards). The BSCS' Green Version, and the Blue Version, in non-didactic terms, introduce students to consider eugenics-related practices favorably, such as contraception, genetic counseling, genetic engineering, in vitro fertilization. [110]

It should be noted that government-mandated curricula would dramatically increase textbook sales for any company meeting the mandate. A company like the BSCS, with power to draft a state-mandated course outline, has the opportunity to draft the outline in a way favorable to its existing products, giving its own sales an advantage over other publishers. By itself, this unexplored appearance of a conflict of interest deserves investigation, notwithstanding the other egregious objections to the NSES.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science, one of the two primary groups responsible for the National Science Education Standards, has a century-long history of leadership by and promotion of members of the American Eugenics Society.

In fact, the AAAS today, unbelievably, maintains an official affiliation [111] with the renamed eugenics society. Since 1973 the AES has called itself The Society for the Study of Social Biology, becoming an official affiliate of the AAAS in 1975. [112] An expose of the pre-war American Eugenics Society, The Nazi Connection, by Stefan Kuhl (Oxford University Press 1994), identifies five members of the eugenics society who were also presidents of the AAAS. [113] Additional checking has revealed at least nine more AAAS presidents who at some point were advisors or members of various eugenic groups.

By itself, the idea of national science standards is repugnant to ideas of democracy and academic freedom. A curriculum produced by a single, wealthy group like AAAS, however, is a case-in-point for Constitutional separation of powers between state and federal jurisdictions. By reason of the AAAS affiliation with, and historic open-door policy for a destructive, racist, misogynist, anti-religious field of pseudo-science like eugenics, the scientific credibility of the AAAS, if not wholly destroyed, is subject to deep skepticism, while its political motivations are exposed to the light of day.

The outrageousness of the current AAAS affiliation with the re-named American Eugenics Society is illustrated by an example of the AES' hideous post-war radicalism: its willingness to admit as a member, Dr. Otmar Von Verschuer [114], the scientist who supervised the work of the terror of Auschwitz, Dr. Josef Mengele. [115]

Josef Mengele (Verschuer's former graduate student) served as his assistant at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Genetics, and Eugenics. Mengele helped supply the institute with some of the "scientific materials" he had acquired at Auschwitz. Verschuer described the project:

My assistant, Dr. [Josef] Mengele (M.D., PhD.) has joined me in this branch of research. He is presently employed as Hauptsturmfuhrer and camp physician in the concentration camp at Auschwitz. Anthropological investigations on the most diverse racial groups of this concentration camp are being carried out with permission of the SS Reichsfuhrer [Himmler]; the blood samples are being sent to my laboratory for analysis. [116]

After World War II, Verschuer contacted Hermann J. Muller, apparently already at Indiana University's zoology department, seeking help. He told Muller he was committed to restoring the reputation of "our science," and he asked Muller "to support him with a letter of recommendation for the United States . . ." [117]

Post-war members of the American Eugenics Society, such as H. Bentley Glass, who served as president of the AAAS, are not identified in Kuhl's Nazi Connection, mentioned earlier, nor are other eugenicists [118] who became lower officers of the AAAS (like Garrett Hardin, President of the AAAS Pacific Division) or who acted in editorial capacities for the AAAS journal. One officer of the AAAS was Kingsley Davis, [119] who was also a board member of the American Eugenics Society. [120] The AAAS, besides elevating eugenicists to powerful positions in the organization, also published articles for members of the American Eugenics Society, such as for Glass, Muller and Davis, below, and newsy items about individual eugenicists without naming the eugenics society.

For example, in a 1967 issue of the AAAS journal, Science, Davis urged that schools be targeted to promote what he called population policy:

[A] government has two powerful instruments - its command over economic planning and its authority . . . over education. The first determines . . . the economic conditions and circumstances affecting the lives of all citizens; the second provides the knowledge and attitudes necessary to implement the plans. The economic system largely determines who shall work, what can be bought, what rearing children will cost, how much individuals can spend. The schools define family roles and develop vocational and recreational interests; they could, if it were desired, redefine the sex roles, develop interests that transcend the home, and transmit realistic (as opposed to moralistic) knowledge concerning marriage, sexual behavior, and population problems. When the problem is viewed in this light, it is clear that the ministries of economics and education, not the ministry of health, should be the source of population policy [emphasis added]. [121]

There are other good reasons to oppose the National Science Education Standards. The grandiose "unified concepts" outlined in the NSES are in fact an anti-God worldview, according to statements made by John A. Moore and his fellow architects of the post-war scientific effort to "unify" biology around Darwin's natural selection.

In a 1995 BSCS publication called Developing Biological Literacy, A Guide to Developing Secondary and Post-secondary Biology Curricula, John A. Moore again emphasized his position that science and religion are incompatible:

This brings us to a comparison of science as a way of knowing with another dominant way of knowing - that provided by religion. . . . One account of creation, the so-called Priestly version, has a god creating the world and all its inhabitants in six days. That evidence has to be accepted, if it is, on faith alone . . . a scientist cannot accept unproveable statements . . . [122]

Another essayist in this book is Huxley contemporary and SSE organizer, Ernst Mayr, who is also an endorser of Moore's Science as a Way of Knowing. Mayr was featured in a 1997 New York Times story, with a headline entitled: "Long Evolution of 'Darwin of 20th Century.'" Mayr's photo caption described him as at "the forefront of evolutionary biology thought at 92." [123]

The Times story acclaims Mayr as "one of the pivotal scientists who shaped the intellectual watershed known as the evolutionary synthesis." The same story reported that Mayr was:

one of the founders of the study of the history and philosophy of biology. As late as the 1960's, historians and philosophers, as well as physicists, viewed the only true sciences as being the physical sciences: physics, astronomy, chemistry . . . [Mayr] argues in his latest book that biology, distinct from the physical sciences offers unique insights into what science can be and what it means to be human [emphasis added]. [124]

Two weeks earlier, theologian John F. Haught had reviewed Mayr's 1997 book in the Washington Times:

Mayr unwittingly and unnecessarily places theology and evolutionary biology in a competitive relationship . . . It is clear that he considers theological explanation to be pre-scientific and anti-scientific rather than nonscientific . . . Mayr considers purposive discourse as completely contrary to science, rather than simply beyond the arena of its competence [emphasis added]. [125]

In Unifying Biology, dedicated to Ernst Mayr, the author describes the "unification of evolution and biology" as "positivism," which seeks a "unified theory of knowledge," as a "mentalité and also as a "worldview, framework, discursive mentalité, cosmologies narrative worlds, or weltanschauung." [126]

Unifying Biology is an insider's account, a "contextual history" giving voice to the actors, [127] of how eugenics came to be renamed "evolutionary biology," undoubtedly to disassociate itself from the Aryanism Hermann J. Muller denounced and to focus on the population control Muller, Huxley and other eugenicists demanded in the Geneticists' Manifesto of 1939. [128]

While Smocovitis identifies Julian Huxley as the leader who did the most to create "unity in the ideological sciences," [129] she does not disclose that he was a member of the British eugenics society. She writes: "For Huxley, a grounding in evolution and the construction of an evolutionary humanism became an imperative for the future of 'modern man' [130] [emphasis added]. Both Huxley and Muller were signers of the Humanist Manifesto, stating "We can discover no divine purpose or providence for the human species. . . . Science affirms that the human species is an emergence from natural evolutionary forces." [131]

At an AAAS meeting in 1939, Huxley, Dobzhansky, Mayr and another man suggested the creation of a new organization, which after the war became the Society for the Study of Evolution. Smocovitis writes:

Nor was Huxley the only evolutionist to uphold a view of evolutionary progress in the 1940's. Dobzhansky, Mayr, Simpson and Stebbins all came to subscribe to versions of evolutionary progress at the same time that they made natural selection a mechanism [emphasis added]. [132]

According to Smocovitis, Huxley called for recognition of a modern "synthesis of evolution" shortly after 1937, when "the first synthetic account of evolution had been written by Theodosius Dobzhansky in Genetics and the Origins of the Species." [133]

Dobzhansky, writes Smocovitis, synthesized "theoretical studies of evolution" from the "mathematical models" by Sewall Wright in the United States (member of the American Eugenics Society), R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane (members of the British eugenics society) and Dobzhansky's own natural, population studies. [134]

In 1946 Huxley was to take his modern synthesis of evolution to a still wider audience: the "United Nations" of earth. Becoming director-general of UNESCO, an emerging global political force, Huxley believed his drive to unify biology within an evolutionary worldview would aid the process of unifying a fragmented world in search of a common ground for political unity. By the 1950's the "modern" synthesis of evolution had thus reached an international audience of the "modern" unified nation states. [135]

Writing in 1961 in the AAAS journal, Science, eugenicist Hermann J. Muller, a past-president of the SSE, lamented that by 1936, the word "eugenics" had become associated with "everything vile." [136]

Yet, in 1939 Muller had joined with Huxley and other members of the British Eugenics Society such as J.B.S. Haldane, to sign a document entitled the "Geneticists' Manifesto." They called for a global system of birth control in order to increase the quality of the race. "All Could be Geniuses," the headline read. Their Manifesto was re-published by the American Eugenics Society in 1946.

That leaders of the eugenics movement, by shifting into systematic birth control systems, still continued their aims of racial hygiene is illustrated by the headline claiming "all could be geniuses." The dangers of such systems are illustrated by a statement Hitler made, threatening to eliminate the Slavs by damming "their great natural fertility," [137] and by the United States Code Title 18, section 1091, prohibiting genocide by the use of birth control against targeted groups. The post-war eugenicists shifted aim against women and the unborn, lying about the humanity of the unborn the way they had previously lied about the humanity of non-whites and Jews.

Smocovitis does not identify Muller as a member of the American Eugenics Society, nor mention that eugenics had become associated with "everything vile" by the time Huxley, Dobzhansky and Mayr met in 1939 to discuss organizing a new group. Smocovitis, however, does confirm in another way that evolutionary biology is not a science, but a philosophy. Writing an "approved" history of evolutionary biology, she repeatedly states that the Society for the Study of Evolution was only born out of growing threats by the fields of chemistry and physics to overwhelm "classical biology" with contradictory, hard proof. [138]

Founded in 1946, the Society for the Study of Evolution included members of the American and British eugenics societies who also became SSE officers such as Ernst Mayr, J. T. Patterson, L. R. Dice, Julian Huxley, Sewall Wright, Theodosius Dobzhansky, J. B. S. Haldane, R. C. Lewontin, I. M. Lerner and T. M. Songbird. [139]

Moore's group, the SSE, gives an annual award in honor of Ernst Mayr's contemporary, Theodosius Dobzhansky, [140] a former Director of the American Eugenics Society. In the July/August 1999 issue of Archeology, Dobzhansky was identified with Ernst Mayr as a principal architect of "evolutionary synthesis." [141]

Dobzhansky, in his 1967 book, The Biology of Ultimate Concern, credits his views of synthesis to Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, "a prophet and a metaphysician." [142] He wrote: "What [Teilhard] tried to do was something entirely different, namely to create a coherent weltanschauung, including his mystical Christianity as well as his scientific knowledge." [143]

Dobzhansky professes that his own Weltanschauung arose when he became enraptured with "evolutionary biology" as a teenager. [144] "The German word Weltanschauung . . . [has] . . . no precise English equivalent. The usual translation, 'world view,' subtly betrays the meaning . . . There is a greater urgency about a Weltanschauung . . . It is most closely related to the 'ultimate concern' which [is considered] to be the essence of religion in the broadest and most inclusive sense." [145]

It is therefore not only John Moore's statements that indicate the NSES incorporates a philosophical worldview. Smocovitis' approved history defines the "synthesis" or "unified concepts" as a Weltangschauung, developed by men who other sources identify as leading eugenicists. Moreover, the careers of the men who created and endorsed the NSES, at the AAAS, the BSCS and especially at the Society for the Study of Evolution, and who each year honor the name of Dobzhansky - eugenicist and author of the concept of evolutionary biology as an "ultimate concern" or Weltanschauung - these are the men who demonstrate that the standards are intended to teach children a philosophy of science, not just science.

Moore made other disturbing statements in the 1980's "science as a way of knowing" project:

It is very important that we discuss these different modes of thought with students who often come to us believing that creationists and scientists have equally valid explanations for the origins of life and its changes over time. That being so, the students often assume that one or other modes of thought may be selected with impunity. In many instances, that can be a dangerous conclusion [emphasis added]. [146]

Also from Moore, "The concern is the development of ideas, not to present a balanced history, so the emphasis will be on key individuals and key concepts" [emphasis added]. [147]

For pro-life people and people who oppose eugenics, it is important to know that eugenics is the heart of evolutionary biology, and therefore influences the national science standards. Moore himself warned us when he said: "Most of these problems such as abortion, genetic engineering, right to life, environmental pollution, and overuse of natural resources, have no single solution . . . science can be invaluable in helping human beings make informed choices . . ." [148]

Moore, having spent over fifteen years with the textbook and publishing group, the BSCS, was in a position to carry out his world-view there, as well as in his capacities at the National Research Council's "Coordinating Council on Education," the "Committee on Undergraduate Education," the "Committee on Science Education," and on the AAAS committee for Project 2061. [149]

He therefore served in influential capacities relating to the national science standards in three of the promulgating organizations (the AAAS, the NRC and the BSCS), besides having his book officially endorsed by heads of the two lead groups.

According to the 1959 president of the American Eugenics Society, Harry L. Shapiro, three essentials of eugenics are Darwin's natural selection, Malthus' idea of scarcity, and Mendel's analysis of heredity. [150] These are the elements of eugenics, whether or not it is re-named "unified concepts" or "evolutionary biology," or "synthesis." In fact the themes reinforced by the NSES' thirteen year long curriculum are population genetics, natural selection and Malthusian scarcity. Scarcity is taught as early as fourth grade.

Given Moore's and Kingsley Davis' statements about reaching into classrooms with propaganda and given Moore's work with Bentley Glass at the BSCS to actually reach the classrooms with textbooks and curriculum guides, given the activities of the AAAS in writing the science standards as well as the AAAS' longstanding influence by the pseudo-science of eugenics, and given the BSCS' direct involvement in the National Science Education Standards, the "standardization" effort can safely be characterized as an outrageous attempt to revive some of what everyone had hoped was buried in the rubble of World War II:

Racial hygiene works in the same way, namely, the education of the student in a national sense . . . It should be repeatedly emphasized that the biological laws operative in animals and plants apply also to man; for example, that the knowledge acquired from studying the genetics of these organisms can, in a general way, be applied to man. Thus, the teaching of animal breeding and plant cultivation can effectively prepare the way for conceptions of racial biology." [151]

Secondary schools [under the Nazi's] were required to teach heredity, racial science, family as well as population policies. Intrinsic to each of these was an ideological instruction in biology [emphasis added]. [152]

We should remember the statement by the Deputy Nazi Party Chief, Rudolf Hess: "National Socialism is nothing but applied biology." [153]

It is chilling that Ernst Mayr, in his endorsement on the back cover of Moore's book, invokes both the urgency of Weltangschauung, and biological solutions in the same comment:

At no previous time in history has an understanding of biology been more crucial than it is today. All our major current problems are ultimately biological: the population explosion, the greenhouse effect, the depletion of resources, unsolved medical problems, famines. Solutions will have to be biological as well as sociological. No one is better qualified to provide citizens with an understanding of the essential principles and concepts of biology than John A. Moore . . . [emphasis added]. [154]

* * * * *

To say it is time to end the eugenics means revolution. It is time to demand that evolutionists stop promoting a eugenics mindset. It is time to dismantle the population control system, first by ending federal funding, and then by redefining charity in terms of concrete items like food, clothing and shelter for purposes of charitable tax status, not to include birth control, abortion or other tools of eugenicists.

Then, ending eugenics means remedies against the federal government and private entities who have lied in order to disguise the purposes behind eugenics measures. It means rejecting any "unified" theory of scientific knowledge created by eugenicists. It means limiting the longevity of trusts and breaking up interlocking relationships between for-profit corporations and foundations. It means accountability to survivors of abortion - siblings, mothers and fathers.

It means ending corporate dreams of making money from manufacturing human beings in the laboratory, and ending experimentation on and trade in unborn babies killed by abortion. It means re-establishing equal protection of the law for the unborn, the disabled and the sick. It means a new commitment of resources to help the weak, not to line the pockets of insiders. On and on it will go, until the last vestige of eugenics is stamped out.

The Congress, at the least, should pass a resolution apologizing to the Kansas State Board of Education for the political upheaval, time and expense that the Board suffered in fending off a scandalous, federally-backed initiative.

Other Congressional efforts to "colonize" the states' education systems should be "unstrung" (meaning that either the puppet-strings attached to the money are removed, or the program is repealed) in order to return the education of children to local democracy.

The AAAS should require publication of a list of members of its affiliate, the Society for the Study of Social Biology, and then publicly sever all affiliation and activities with the SSSB.

The AAAS should either restrict itself to serving the science community, or if it ventures into domains outside its expertise, it should refrain from eugenics-based political indoctrination. The AAAS should make significant funding available to objective historians so that honest, arms-length research and writing (not an inside white-wash) can be conducted on the history of the AAAS membership during the twentieth century's wars on "population." Like the Congress and the NAS, the AAAS owes apologies to the Kansas State Board of Education, to minorities, and to women who have been irreparably harmed in the name of "science."

Churches need to be far more skeptical of the "scientific" proof of Darwinism and Malthusianism, and not yield to intimidation. Science teaching in religious and public schools must include the bloody results of "survival of the fittest" politics and economics. Christians should stop assuming that a belief in Darwinism and Malthusianism is somehow mandatory as part of scientific discussions. Instead, we should put ideas to the test, and do so with true scientific rigor. People of faith should plead for God's forgiveness to the extent that they have mixed Darwinism with religion in this just-ended eugenic century, using the excuse of "scientifically-proven necessity" to kill God's people.

ENDNOTES

1. Darwin, Charles, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, (NY: D. Appleton and Company 1898). Back to text
2. Ibid. at 47-48. Back to text
3. Ibid. at 136. Darwin credits his remarks about natural selection in civilized nations to three men, including Sir Francis Galton. Back to text
4. Ibid.Back to text
5. Ibid. at 141. Back to text
6. Ibid. Back to text
7. Ibid. at 160. Back to text
8. Behe, Michael, Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, (NY: Touchstone Simon & Schuster 1998). Back to text
9. Ibid. at 39, quoting Darwin, C. (1872) Origin of the Species, at 154 (New York University Press 1988, 6th ed.) Back to text
10. www.toolan.com/hitler/index.html. Back to text
11. O'Keefe, Katharine, "Social History and the Eugenics Societies," Social Justice Review, 89:4-7 (1998). Back to text
12. Ibid. at 6, citing a formal resolution adopted in 1960 at the annual meeting of the English eugenics society, and also citing the leading twentieth century American eugenicist, Frederick Osborn, speaking at the 1956 Galton Lecture in London.
    See also Blacker, "Eugenics in Retrospect and Prospect," at 25, 26 and 27, Occasional Papers on Eugenics, No. 1, The Galton Lecture 1945 at Manson House, London (The Eugenic Society and Cassell and Company Ltd., London 1950) (Three months before the war in Europe ended in 1945, Blacker, secretary of the English eugenics society for fourteen years, described how eugenics, "through events over which the Society had little controlgot into disrepute; how it came to be regarded as a field for cranks, misguided enthusiasts and irresponsible propagandists. The hostility to eugenics seems to have come and gone in waves." On the subject of propaganda, Blacker explained the de-emphasis of eugenic propaganda: "I should like to say a word about the Society's attitude to propaganda. To this, in its early days, it devoted much of its time and energyLately, however, we have done much less propagandaThe Council has taken the view that if we can put forward a reasonable and convincing case that considerations of quality should be taken into account in devising a population policy, and if we can formulate sensible suggestions as to how, in practice, this can be done, many of these cognate organizations will do our propaganda for us. This campaign need not be specially conducted in the name of eugenics or of the society. Our primary object is not the glorification of the Society, nor even the glorification of the word eugenics; it is to get sound eugenics principles recognized, accepted and acted upon.")
    See also, Osborn, "Implications of the New Studies in Population and Psychology for the Development of Eugenic Philosophy," Eugenics News, Current Record of Race Hygiene, 22:104 -107 at 106, 107 (Nov.-Dec.1937) (Frederick Osborn, leader of the American Eugenics movement between 1937 and 1974, undoubtedly referring to German events, wrote against imputing "superiorities or inferiorities of a biological nature to social classes, to regional groups, or to races as a whole," stating that "scientists are not at all sure that any races or social classes in this country are above or below others in biological capacity for developing socially valuable qualities." However, Osborn, possibly alluding to the introduction of birth control and abortion, does not denounce eugenics; he merely urges a new public emphasis, "Eugenics should therefore operate on a basis of individual selectionThe public emphasis of eugenics should be on a basis of individual selectionThe public emphasis of eugenics should be on a better distribution of births throughout the population. Such an aim is sympathetic to existing social activities whose cooperation is essential to the wide-spread acceptance of eugenics [emphasis added].") Back to text
13. Smocovitis, Vassiliki Betty, Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and Evolutionary Biology (NJ: Princeton University Press 1996).
    Back to text
14. Id. at 175 ("Warding off reduction to the physical sciences became a primary concern for Ernst Mayr, the architect most sensitive to philosophy at this time."); and see ibid. at 176 ("In 1963, Simpson picked up and extended Mayr's argument for two biologies, not only to argue against reduction to the physical sciences, but also to argue for the centrality of biology in the drive to unify the sciences.") Back to text
15. Ibid. at 138. Back to text
16. Ibid. at 126. Back to text
17. Evolution, 24:43-44 (Society for the Study of Evolution, Lawrence, KS: Allan Press 1970). Back to text
18. Huxley, Sir Julian, Essays of a Humanist at 125-126 (NY: Harper & Row 1964). Back to text
19. Smocovitis at 138. Back to text
20. Ibid. at 146. Back to text
21. Huxley, Essays of a Humanist at 220. Back to text
22. Ibid. at 222. Back to text
23. Huxley, Julian, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, (George Allen & Unwin Ltd.: London 1942). Back to text
24. Smocovitis at 146. Back to text
25. Ibid. at 151. Back to text
26. Darwin, "The Aims and Methods of Eugenical Societies," Science, 54:313-323 at 323 (1921) (From an address given by Major Leonard Darwin, as president of the British eugenics society for the prior ten years: "But science, whilst giving us good ground for hope, also issues grave warning concerning the danger of national deterioration resulting from the unchecked multiplication of inferior typesA determination that such a downfall shall not be the fate of this nation is a sentiment felt by every man who is animated by the eugenic ideal, an ideal to be followed like a flag in battle without thought of personal gain."). Back to text
27. "Improving the Breed," Time, Jan. 17, 1955 ("Figuring out which families to encourage, confessed Physicist [Sir Charles Galton] Darwin, is a discouraging problem [quoting Darwin]: 'The breed of race horses has been improved indeed to a remarkable degree . . . We would like to do the same for humanity, but it is a very difficult business what human beings have won the race of life, whereas it is fairly easy to see which people can be classified in ending last.'") Back to text
28. Huxley, "Heredity and Humanity," Woman's Home Companion, 59:20-21 at 21 (1932) ("And it seems it is these mutations which provide the raw material for real large-scale evolutionary change. In the pressure of the struggle for existence, the harmful changes are gradually weeded out, the favorable ones survive in large numbers and are incorporated into the race. The struggle has a sifting action on the mutations. This is what Darwin, seventy years ago, called 'natural selection;' and it is this sifting selection which, picking out the 'good mutations,' gradually pushes the race along its evolutionary path." Back to text
29. Blacker, "Birth Control and Eugenics," The Nineteenth Century, 111: 464-777 at 466 (1932) ("The effect of the advances in medicine and the improvement in our system of public health which have taken place in the period specified has been to lower the hurdles and to increase the individual's chances for survival. In consequence, many more persons than formerly of inferior resistance and physique now reach maturity and reproduce their kind.") Back to text
30. Sanger, Birth Control Review, Vol. I, no. 12, at 7 (Dec. 1917) ("[C]ivilization has brought sympathy, pity, tenderness and other lofty and worthy sentiments, which interfere with the law of natural selection. We are now in a state where our charities, our compensation acts, our pensions, hospitals, and even our drainage and sanitary equipment all tend to keep alive the sickly and the weak, who are allowed to propagate and in turn produce a race of degenerates."), quoted by Human Life International, "Quotable Quotes from the Birth Control Review, Version 1.O, February 1997, http://www.HLI.org. Back to text
31. Blacker, "Eugenics in Retrospect and Prospect," Occasional Papers on Eugenics, No. 1, The Galton Lecture 1945 at Manson House, London (The Eugenic Society and Cassell and Company Ltd., London 1950). Back to text
32. O'Keefe, John Cavanaugh, "Introduction to Eugenics," (VA: American Life League 1995). Back to text
33. Ibid. Back to text
34. The author acknowledges, with high esteem and great appreciation, Kathy O'Keefe and her brother, John Cavanaugh O'Keefe, for leading the scholarship in post-war eugenics, and in particular for pointing out this information. Back to text
35. Hunter, George William, A Civic Biology Presented in Problems, at 196 (NY: American Book Company 1914), claiming there are five races of man, "the highest type of all, the Caucasians, represented by the civilized white inhabitants of Europe and America." Foreshadowing the language and the concentration camps applied to the Jews and others in Germany, Hunter's textbook, at 263, taught school children that, like the unborn are called today, some people are "parasites" who need to be separated from society: "They not only do harm to others by corrupting, stealing, or spreading disease, but they are actually protected and cared for by the state out of public money. Largely for them the poorhouse and the asylum exist. They take from society, but they give nothing in return. They are true parasites.If such people were lower animals, we would probably kill them off to prevent them from spreading. Humanity will not allow this, but we do have the remedy of separating the sexes in asylums or other places and in various ways preventing intermarriage and the possibilities of perpetuating such a low and degenerate race. Remedies of this sort have been tried successfully in Europe and are now meeting with success in this country." Back to text
36. Lifton, Robert J., Nazi Doctors (Harper Basic Books 1986). Back to text
37. Kuhl, Stefan, Nazi Connections (Oxford University Press 1994); Meehan "The Road to Abortion (Part II): How Government Got Hooked," Human Life Review, 25:68-82 (1999); Meehan, "The Road to Abortion (Part I): How Eugenics Birthed Population Control," Human Life Review, 24:76-89 (1998); O'Keefe, "Social History and the Eugenics Societies," Social Justice Review, 89:4-7 (1998); Meehan, "Eugenics and the Power Elite," Social Justice Review, 88:167-170 (1997); Liagin, "Population Control in American Foreign Policy," Social Justice Review, 88:170-173 (1997); Waters, "The Ethics of Eugenics," Social Justice Review, 88:174-177 (1997); O'Keefe, "Introduction to Eugenics" (VA: American Life League 1995). Back to text
38. National Science Education Standards, (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press 1996). Back to text
39. Ibid., Chapter 6 (content standards for levels K-12 include evolution as a "unifying concept" in all levels, taught under categories entitled "Life Science" and "Earth and Space Science." Population studies are taught in all grade levels under categories entitled "Science in Personal and Social Perspectives." Heredity is taught in grades 5 through 12 under the category "Life Sciences.") Back to text
40. Ibid. at 113 ("Changing Emphasis - Less onKnowing scientific facts and information/ More onunderstanding scientific concepts and developing abilities of inquiry.") For students, less factual information operates to decrease individual ability to question the basis of official government-required "concepts." Back to text
41. Not within the scope of this report, regrettably, but nevertheless a vastly important topic of investigation, is the prominence of the Carnegie Corporation of Washington and many other foundations, in using their capital pools (trusts) to dominate the actions of public agencies. Public policy monopolies, dominated by a handful of private individuals with no public accountability, can be fashioned from "partnering" the vast resources of the private trusts with those allocated to public agencies.
    With regard to the subject matter of this article, the professional biographies of more than a coincidental number of men related to the NSES involve their prior or current positions with the Carnegie Corporation of Washington, or funding from it. Needed reforms in laws relating to these trusts have been known for fifty years, but perhaps the NSES initiative illustrates the severity of need for tax and trust law reform. Back to text
42. NSES at 15 ("The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences gratefully acknowledges its indebtedness to the seminal work by the American Association for the Advancement of Science's Project 2061 and believes that use of Benchmarks for Science Literacy by state framework committees, school and school-district curriculum committees, and developers of instructional and assessment materials complies fully with the spirit of the content standards.") Back to text
43. Under the auspices of the NAS, therefore, the NRC performs contract work for other government operations. NRC revenue is primarily appropriated tax dollars, redirected to NRC from the budgets of its referring agencies. In addition to funds from federal agencies, development of the NSES book was funded by private foundations, including Volvo North American Corporation, The Ettinger Foundation, Inc. and the Eugene McDermott Foundation. Back to text
44. NSES, Acknowledgments at iii. Back to text
45. AAAS.org Back to text
46. NSES, Appendix at 252. Back to text
47. Moore, John A., Science as a Way of Knowing: The Foundations of Modern Biology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1993).
    Back to text
48. Ibid. at 416.Back to text
49. Lifton, Robert J., Nazi Doctors, at 125 (Basic Books 1986). Back to text
50. Ibid. Back to text
51. Ibid. at 441-442. Back to text
52. NSES at 201, 206, 207. Back to text
53. This refers to the loose, outside jacket covering a library copy of Moore's 1993 printing. However, a different text for the hard-cover/no jacket version of Moore's 1993 printing has been discovered, in addition to yet a third text for the book's 1999 soft-bound outside cover. Back to text
54. Bruce Alberts, Francisco Ayala, Peter H. Raven, F. James Rutherford. Back to text
55. Ehrlich, Ayala, Raven and Mayr. Back to text
56. Smocovitis at 156. Back to text
57. Reisman, Judith A. Ph.D, Kinsey: Crimes and Consequences (Arlington, VA: The Institute for Media Education, Inc. 1998). Back to text
58. Evolution, 24:43-44 (Lawrence, KS: Allan Press 1970). Back to text
59. Reisman, at 291 et seq. Back to text
60. Huxley, "The Vital Importance of Eugenics," Harper, 163: 324-331 at 331 (1931) Back to text
61. UNESCO: Its Purpose and its Philosophy (Washington D.C. 1947), cited in Liagin, Excessive Force: Power Politics and Population Control, at 85 (Washington, D.C.: Information Project for Africa 1996) Back to text
62. Haeckel, Ernst, Vol. I & II The History of Creation, or The Development of the Earth and its Inhabitants by the Action of Natural Causes: A Popular Exposition of the Doctrine of Evolution in General, and of that of Darwin, Goethe, and Lamarck in Particular, (New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1914, 5th ed.): illustration in Haeckel's book is Plate 1, Vol. I. Moore duplicates the Haeckel illustration on his p. 417. Back to text
63. Ibid. at 429. Back to text
64. Moore at 250-251. Back to text
65. Moore at 88. Back to text
66. Ibid. at 102. Back to text
67. Ibid. at 4. Back to text
68. Ibid. at 59. Back to text
69. Ibid. at 60. Back to text
70. Ibid. at 59. Back to text
71. Ibid. at 61-66. Back to text
72. Ibid. at 64. Back to text
73. Ibid. at 132. Back to text
74. Ibid. at 66, 78. Back to text
75. Ibid. at 133-134. Back to text
76. Reisman at 297. Back to text
77. Lifton, Robert J., , at 28 (Harper/Basic Books 1986). Back to text
78. Wistrich, Robert, S., Who's Who in Nazi Germany, at 213 (London: Routledge 1982). Back to text
79. Ibid. at 213. Back to text
80. Lifton at 29. Back to text
81. Science, 134:643-649, (AAAS 1961). Back to text
82. Ibid. at 643. Back to text
83. Ibid. Back to text
84. Ibid. at 644. Back to text
85. Moore at 462. Back to text
86. See e.g., Eugenical News, Vol. 21 (Mar.-Apr. 1936) (Conklin is listed inside the front cover; on the page across from Conklin's name is an article by Dr. C.G. Campbell entitled, "The German Racial Policy.") Back to text
87. http://www.aaas.org/Exhibit/unitiv/mtings.htm (downloaded 5/5/99) Back to text
88. See Wistrich. Back to text
89. The New York Times at 5 (Thurs. Aug. 29, 1935). Back to text
90. Time, Sept. 9, 1935 at 20-21. Back to text
91. Kuhl, Stefan, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics American Racism and German National Socialism, at 32 (Oxford University Press 1994).
    Back to text
92. Ibid. at 34. Back to text
93. Hodgson, "Long-Range Perspectives on Neurobiology and Behavior," American Zoologist, 30:404 (1990). Back to text
94. Moore at viii. Back to text
95. Ibid. Back to text
96. Moore, "Opening Remarks: Thinking and Deciding," American Zoologist, 28:519 (1988). Back to text
97. Newsweek, at 45 (Oct. 26, 1981) Back to text
98. Rini, "Open Season on Humanity: Abortion, Sterilization and the Coming Era of Coercion," at 32, Celebrate Life (VA: American Life League) (citing Hardin, Garrett, Exploring New Ethics for Survival: The Voyage of the Spaceship Beagle, at 261 (New York: Viking Press 1972). Back to text
99. Moore, "Opening Remarks: Thinking and Deciding," American Zoologist, 28:573-581 at 580 (American Zoological Society: 1988). Back to text
100. Ibid. at 575. Back to text
101. See e.g. Eugenics Quarterly, Vol. 10 (Mar. 1963) and issues thereafter listing Glass as a director. Glass' name appears on the membership roster for the American Eugenics Society, published in Eugenics Quarterly, Dec. 1956, Vol. 3, no. 4) Back to text
102. Smocovitis at 179-182; also, "Education Week on the Web," Feature: Counter Evolutionary, Part IV, http://www.edweek.org/ew/vol-16/12evolv4.h16Back to text
103. Glass, "Science: Endless Horizons or Golden Age?" Science, 171:23-29 at 28 (AAAS 1971). Back to text
104. Ibid. Back to text
105. Ibid. Back to text
106. Ibid. at 29. Back to text
107. Smocovitis at 179. Back to text
108. According to the Appendix, besides Bybee, other, BSCS staff who worked on the NSES are: Harold Pratt, BSCS Senior Associate (Working Group on Science Content Standards, under Bybee); Joseph D. McInerney, BSCS Director (listed with Additional Individuals Who Lent Support). John A. Moore is listed in his capacity as Emeritus Professor of Biology, Univ. of Calif- Riverside, (Individual Who Lent Support) but he not identified with the BSCS. Back to text
109. Smocovitis at 179-180. Back to text
110. See e.g. Biological Science: A Molecular Approach , BSCS Blue Version (D.C. Heath, a division of Houghton Mifflin Co. 1996 7th ed.) at 263 (in vitro fertilization); at 266 (contraception - with one line devoted to abstinence); at 301 (careers in genetic counseling); at 305 (genetic therapy); at 613 (ethics problem: "Does the physician have a duty to respect the man's right to die? Or does the physician have a duty to pursue his own goal of the preservation of life?") (emphasis in the original); See also Biological Science: An Ecological Approach: BSCS Teacher's Edition (Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing Co., 1992) at 209 (genetic screening). Back to text
111. Encyclopedia of Associations, Vol. I, Entry no. 6210, at 680 (Gale's Research 1999, 34th ed.); and see e.g. Social Biology, 39:325 (Fall/Winter 1992) ("The Society for the Study of Social Biology is an association of biological, behavioral and social science scholars. Its objectives are to advance and disseminate knowledge about biological and socio-cultural forces affecting human behavior and the structure and composition of human populations. It is an Affiliate of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and sponsors scientific symposia in conjunction with the annual, AAAS meeting. The Society publishes the journal Social Biology, which has published some of the most wide-cited scientific article in demography, genetics, psychology, medicine, sociology, anthropology, and related cross-disciplinary research. Society members receive an annual subscription to Social Biology at no additional cost. Since the Society is cross-disciplinary and hence most Society members also belong to other professional associations, membership dues have been held to an absolute minimum.") Back to text
112. Archives of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Research provided by journalist Mary Meehan, whose leadership in the scholarly study of the post-war eugenics movement is herewith esteemed and gratefully acknowledged. Back to text
113. Kuhl at 66, citing Mehler dissertation and listing Wm. H. Welch, David Starr Jordan, Charles W. Eliot, Henry Fairfield Osborn and E.G. Conklin. The additional names are: R.S. Woodward, W.W. Campbell, J. McKeen Cattell, Edward L. Thorndike, Walter B. Cannon, Albert F. Blakeslee, Laurance H. Snyder, H. Bentley Glass and David A. Hamburg (Mary Meehan, personal communication, Feb., 2000). Back to text
114. "Membership List," Eugenics Quarterly, 3:252 (Dec. 1956). Back to text
115. Lifton at 349. Back to text
116. Proctor, Robert N., Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis, at 44 (Harvard University Press 1988). Back to text
117. Reisman at 299. Back to text
118. This is an issue needing further investigation, however, a brief look at only a few issues of the AAAS journal, Science, reveals other post-war "social biologists" and members of the AES have held high posts at the AAAS, e.g. David Hamburg, President 1985, Richard C. Lewontin, Editorial Board 1969-70; Kingsley Davis, Vice President of Social and Economic Sciences Section, 1964. Back to text
119. Science (Jan. 3, 1964), listing Davis as Vice President (Sec. K) Social and Economic Sciences. Back to text
120. Eugenical News, Vol. 38 (March 1953) (Davis is listed as a member of the Board of Directors for the American Eugenics Society, Inc.).
     Back to text
121. Davis, "Population Policy: Will Current Programs Succeed?" Science, 158:730-739 at 738 (1967). Back to text
122. Moore, "What is Natural Science?" Developing Biological Literacy: A Guide to Developing Secondary and Post-Secondary Biology Curricula, BSCS, at 29 (Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing 1993). Back to text
123. The New York Times, April 15, 1997, at C-4. Back to text
124. Ibid. Back to text
125. The Washington Times, March 30, 1997, at B-7. Back to text
126. Smocovitis at 14. Back to text
127. Smocovitis at 6-11. Back to text
128. "Plan for Improving Population Drawn by Famed Geneticists: All Could Be Geniuses in World Based on Biology; World Federation Needed; Birth Control Advocated," Science News Letter, August 26, 1939. Muller called this document the Geneticists Manifesto in his 1961 AAAS article referenced in footnote 137. Back to text
129. Smocovitis at 138. Back to text
130. Ibid. at 139. Back to text
131. Kurtz, Paul (ed.), Humanist Manifestos I and II, at 16, 17 (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books 1973). Back to text
132. Smocovitis at 147. Back to text
133. Ibid. at 20. Back to text
134. Ibid. at 20. Back to text
135. Ibid. at 152 Back to text
136. Muller, "Human Evolution By Voluntary Choice of Germ Plasm," Science, 134: 643-649 at 643-644 (AAAS 1961) Back to text
137. Rauschning, Hermann, Voice of Destruction, at 137 (New York: G.P. Putnam's & Sons 1940) ("We are obliged to depopulate," he went on emphatically, "as part of our mission of preserving the German population. And by 'remove' I don't necessarily mean destroy; I shall simply take systematic measures to dam their great natural fertility, For example, I shall keep their men and women separated for years. Do you remember the falling birth-rate of the world war? Why should we not do quite consciously and through a number of years what was at that time merely the inevitable consequence of a long war? There are many ways, systematical and comparatively painless, or at any rate bloodless, of causing undesirable races to die out.") Back to text
138. See e.g. Smocovitis at 66. Back to text
139. Ibid. at 156. Back to text
140. From Encyclopedia of Association, Society for the Study of Evolution. Back to text
141. Tattersall, "Rethinking Human Evolution," at 22, Archeology (New York, NY: Archeological Institute of America July/Aug. 1999). Back to text
142. Dobzhansky, Theodosius, The Biology of Ultimate Concern - Perspectives in Humanism, at 115 (The New American Library 1967).
     Back to text
143. Ibid. Back to text
144. Ibid. at 1. Back to text
145. Ibid. at 6. Back to text
146. Moore, "Opening Remarks: Thinking and Deciding," American Zoologist, 28:573-581 at 574 (1988). Back to text
147. Hodgson, "Long-range Perspectives on Neurobiology and Behavior," American Zoologist, 30:403-505 at 404 (1990), quoting Moore. Back to text
148. Moore, "Opening Remarks: Thinking and Deciding," American Zoologist 28:573-581 at 573. Back to text
149. American Men & Women of Science, vol.5 at 585 (New Providence, N.J.: R.R. Bowker 1998-1999 20th ed.). Back to text
150. Shapiro, "Eugenics and Future Society," Eugenics Quarterly, 6:3 (Mar. 1959). Back to text
151. Welch, David, The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda, at 68 (Routledge London 1993). Back to text
152. Ibid. Back to text
153. Lifton at 129. Back to text
154. Moore, back cover of loose dust-jacket, 1993 hard-bound version. Back to text