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The Galileo Affair - George Sim Johnston

Since the Galileo case is one of the historical bludgeons that are used to beat on the Church — the other two being the Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition — it is important that Catholics understand exactly what happened between the Church and that very great scientist. A close look at the facts puts to rout almost every aspect of the reigning Galileo legend. Read more...

The Crusades - Paul Crawford

This article presents an overview of the Crusades. Read more...

Rethinking the Crusades - Jonathan Riley Smith

The language that demands that our ancestors be posthumously anathematized is not too distant from that of the men who wanted the corpse of Pope Boniface VIII to be exhumed and burnt. We may be entering a period of conceptual uncertainty about the most difficult of all society’s dilemmas — when or when not to use force — and we need not emotion, but cool heads and an objective analysis of the past. Read more...

The Crusades - Anne Carroll

This history and apologetic for the Crusades is suitable for junior or senior high school social studies or history students. Read more...

Rethinking the Crusades - William Urban

We encourage our history students to venture beyond the memorization of facts and concepts. We should do the same by periodically rethinking the meaning of critical moments in the past. The time is ripe for a reassessment of the Crusades in light of our present concerns. There are four plausible directions this reassessment will take. Read more...

Crusade Propaganda: The abuse of Christianity’s holy wars - Thomas F. Madden

The crusades are quite possibly the most misunderstood event in European history. Now put this down in your notebook, because it will be on the test: The crusades were in every way a defensive war. They were the West's belated response to the Muslim conquest of fully two-thirds of the Christian world. Read more...

The Battle over the Crusades - Robert P. Lockwood

The Crusades, of course, are a far more complicated series of events in history than the anti-Catholic statements of early Protestant historians would suggest. The Crusades should be understood within the context of the times and by their reality, rather than through the myths created for purposes of propaganda. Read more...

“Islam Will Not Be the Loser” - James V. Schall, S.J.

Hilaire Belloc’s study of the Crusades provides a unique and fascinating look at the relation of military and spiritual forces. To read him today is almost like reading current history. Read more...

The Real History of the Crusades - Thomas F. Madden

The crusades are quite possibly the most misunderstood event in European history. Most of what passes for public knowledge about it is either misleading or just plain wrong Read more...

The Crusades and Their Critics - James Hitchcock

While it has become customary to view the Crusades as a historical aberration, they can also be viewed as an important factor in the formation of the Christian West. Many of those who condemn the Crusades fully understand this and wish that the Muslims had conquered Europe and aborted the rise of Christendom. Read more...

Crusade Myths - Thomas Madden

What is the real story of the Crusades? As you might imagine, it is a long story. But there are good histories, written in the last twenty years, that lay much of it out. For the moment, given the barrage of coverage that the Crusades are getting nowadays, it might be best to consider just what the Crusades were not. Here, then, are some of the most common myths and why they are wrong. Read more...

What the Crusades Were Really Like - Thomas F. Madden

The Crusaders were not unprovoked aggressors, greedy marauders or medieval colonialists, as portrayed in some history books. Read more...

Kingdom of Heaven - James Bowman

Sir Ridley Scott’s Crusades movie, Kingdom of Heaven, though visually impressive as we might expect, is shockingly unhistorical. Read more...

Islam and the Crusades - Ibn Warraq

It's commonly believed today that modern Muslims have inherited from their medieval ancestors memories of crusader violence and destruction. But nothing could be further from the truth. Read more...